- Branża: Oil & gas
- Number of terms: 8814
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An exposed gun system used primarily in wireline operations. This gun system has shaped charges that are housed in individual pressure-tight capsules mounted on a metal strip, which is lowered into the well. Each pressure-tight capsule, along with the entire string, is thus exposed to well fluids.
Industry:Oil & gas
An expression for conservation of mass governed by the observation that the amount of mass leaving a control volume is equal to the amount of mass entering the volume minus the amount of mass accumulated in the volume. Through material balance, reservoir pressures measured over time can be used to estimate the volume of hydrocarbons in place.
Industry:Oil & gas
An example used for comparison. In oil and gas exploration, geoscientists and engineers compare new prospects and fields with fields and surface exposures thought to be similar in depositional environment and reservoir character to guide predictions. Wide variations in shale reservoirs create doubt about the utility of analog comparisons.
Industry:Oil & gas
An equilibrium reaction between a metal ion and a complexing agent. Chelation reactions are characterized by the formation of more than one bond between the metal and a molecule of the complexing agent. Chelation results in the formation of a ring structure incorporating the metal ion. In the oil field, chelation is often used to enhance stimulation treatments and to clean surface facilities.
Industry:Oil & gas
An equation for calculating the water saturation from resistivity and other logs. There are many saturation equations. Practical equations are all extensions of the Archie equation, which is valid for a rock with very little clay, or very high salinity water, and with a regular pore structure. The majority deal with the problem of shaly sands, and can be divided into two main groups?those that treat the shale as a volume of conductive material (V<sub>sh</sub> models), and those that analyze the effect of clay counter-ions. V<sub>sh</sub> models take many forms. Typical examples are the Simandoux, laminated sand and Indonesian equations. The other group includes the Waxman-Smits, Dual Water and SGS equations. Most nonshaly sand equations deal with the problem of mixed pore types, for example combinations of fractures, isolated pores and intergranular pores.
Industry:Oil & gas
An examination of a geological scenario to understand the geometry and spatial arrangement of rocks. The structure or deformation can include many mechanisms, such as folding, faulting and fracturing. Structure can usually be interpreted in terms of the deformation of the crust of the Earth as continents and tectonic plates move and collide.
Industry:Oil & gas
An enhanced oil recovery technique in which an alkaline chemical such as sodium hydroxide, sodium orthosilicate or sodium carbonate is injected during polymer flooding or waterflooding operations. The alkaline chemical reacts with certain types of oils, forming surfactants inside the reservoir. Eventually, the surfactants reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water and trigger an increase in oil production. <br><br>Alkaline flooding is not recommended for carbonate reservoirs because of the abundance of calcium: the mixture between the alkaline chemical and the calcium ions can produce hydroxide precipitation that may damage the formation. <br><br>Alkaline flooding is also known as caustic flooding.
Industry:Oil & gas
An equation that specifies fluid density as a function of pressure and temperature. A large body of scientific literature describes these functions for all kinds of hydrocarbons, and also for complex mixes of various hydrocarbons with other hydrocarbons and with other fluids. Once the components of a reservoir fluid are determined, the known hydrocarbon properties become a valuable tool in making further calculations of well-test results and predictions of future well and reservoir behavior.
Industry:Oil & gas
An enhanced oil recovery technique in which a micelle solution is pumped into a reservoir through specially distributed injection wells. The chemical solution reduces the interfacial and capillary forces between oil and water and triggers an increase in oil production. <br><br>The procedure of a micellar-polymer flooding includes a preflush (low-salinity water), a chemical solution (micellar or alkaline), a mobility buffer and, finally, a driving fluid (water), which displaces the chemicals and the resulting oil bank to production wells.
Industry:Oil & gas
An enhanced oil recovery process whereby water injection and gas injection are alternately injected for periods of time to provide better sweep efficiency and reduce gas channeling from injector to producer. This process is used mostly in CO<sub>2</sub> floods to improve hydrocarbon contact time and sweep efficiency of the CO<sub>2</sub>.
Industry:Oil & gas
