- Branża: Oil & gas
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Describing a type of acoustic transducer that emits or receives energy in all directions. Monopole transducers are used in standard sonic logs, and also in array-sonic logs to record shear and Stoneley waves.
Industry:Oil & gas
Describing a waveform or a log that has been recorded by a set of dipole receivers oriented orthogonally (or 90<sup>0</sup> out of line) with a dipole transmitter. In sonic logging, cross-dipole flexural modes are used to determine shear anisotropy together with in-line flexural modes. The data are processed using the Alford rotation.
Industry:Oil & gas
Describing a relatively impermeable reservoir rock from which hydrocarbon production is difficult. Reservoirs can be tight because of smaller grains or matrix between larger grains, or they might be tight because they consist predominantly of silt- or clay-sized grains, as is the case for shale reservoirs. <br>Stimulation of tight formations can result in increased production from formations that previously would have been abandoned or produced uneconomically. <br><br>
Industry:Oil & gas
Describing a mechanism or system that is actuated by a ball that is dropped or pumped through the tubing string. Once located on a landing seat, the tool mechanism is generally actuated by hydraulic pressure.
Industry:Oil & gas
Describes a bed that maintains its original thickness during deformation. Often pertains to relatively brittle, solid strata that deform by faulting, fracturing or folding, rather than flowing under stress. Incompetent beds are more ductile and tend to flow under stress, so their bed thickness changes more readily during deformation.
Industry:Oil & gas
Dense solids, such as barite or hematite, which are added to a mud to increase its density, also known as weighting material. The concentration of high-gravity solids in a weighted mud is measured by the mud engineer daily using mud weight, retort data, chloride titration data and other information. Solids are reported as lbm/bbl or vol. %. The specific gravity of water is 1. 00, barite is 4. 20, and hematite 5. 505 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. Drill solids and other low-gravity solids are normally assumed to be 2. 60 g/cm<sup>3</sup>.
Industry:Oil & gas
Contaminated with sulfur or sulfur compounds, especially hydrogen sulfide. Crude oil and gas that are sour typically have an odor of rotten eggs if the concentration of sulfur is low. At high concentrations, sulfur is odorless and deadly.
Industry:Oil & gas
Clays incorporated into a so-called native-solids mud when drilling shallow formations. Native clays are undesirable in muds that are (or will be) weighted with barite. The viscosity of weighted fluids can rise quickly with added native clays, making it difficult to control and pump the mud. Better mud properties result when the drilled solids level, including the level of native clays, is kept low.
Industry:Oil & gas
Clay minerals whose surfaces have been coated with a chemical to make them oil-dispersible. Bentonite and hectorite (plate-like clays) and attapulgite and sepiolite (rod-shaped clays) are treated with oil-wetting agents during manufacturing and are used as oil-mud additives. Quaternary fatty-acid amine is applied to the clay. Amine may be applied to dry clay during grinding or it can be applied to clay dispersed in water. The latter process is much more expensive, requiring filtering, drying and other manufacturing steps. Organophilic bentonite and hectorite, "bentones," are used in oil muds to build rheology for cuttings lifting and solids suspension. They also contribute to low-permeability filter cake. Organophilic attapulgite and sepiolite are used in oil muds strictly to build gel structure, which may not be long lasting due to shear degradation as the mud is pumped through the bit.
Industry:Oil & gas
