- Branża: Oil & gas
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A titration procedure standardized by the API to quantitatively determine Cl<sup>-</sup> (chloride ion) concentration by using silver nitrate as titrant with potassium chromate as the endpoint indicator.
Industry:Oil & gas
A thick, heavy steel component of a conventional ram blowout preventer. In a normal pipe ram, the two blocks of steel that meet in the center of the wellbore to seal the well have a hole (one-half of the hole on each piece) through which the pipe fits. The blind ram has no space for pipe and is instead blanked off in order to be able to close over a well that does not contain a drillstring. It may be loosely thought of as the sliding gate on a gate valve.
Industry:Oil & gas
A test to measure static filtration behavior of water mud or oil mud at elevated temperature, up to about 380掳F (193掳C) maximum (450掳F (227掳C) maximum if a special cell is used), usually according to the specifications of API. Although the test can simulate downhole temperature conditions, it does not simulate downhole pressure. Total pressure in a cell should not exceed 700 psi (4900 kPa), and the differential pressure across the filter medium is specified as 500 psi (3500 kPa). Because these cells are half the size of the ambient filtration area, HPHT filtrate volumes after 30 minutes are doubled.
Industry:Oil & gas
A test used to determine if a barite sample contains caustic-soluble sulfide or carbonate minerals. <br><br>Reference:<br><br>Binder GG, Carlton LA and Garrett RL: "Evaluating Barite as a Source of Soluble Carbonate and Sulfide Contamination in Drilling Fluids," Journal of Petroleum Technology 33, no. 12 (December 1981): 2371-2376. <br><br>Garrett RL: "Quality Requirements for Industrial Minerals Used in Drilling Fluids," Mining Engineering 39, no. 11 (November 1987): 1011-1016.
Industry:Oil & gas
A test to measure static filtration behavior of water mud at ambient (room) temperature and 100-psi differential pressure, usually performed according to specifications set by API, using a static filter press. The filter medium is filter paper with 7. 1 sq. In. Filtering area. A half-size cell is sometimes used, in which case the filtrate volume is doubled.
Industry:Oil & gas
A test to evaluate base oils that are used in oil mud. The test indicates if an oil is likely to damage elastomers (rubber compounds) that come in contact with the oil. The aniline point is called the "aniline point temperature," which is the lowest temperature (掳F or 掳C) at which equal volumes of aniline (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>) and the oil form a single phase. The aniline point (AP) correlates roughly with the amount and type of aromatic hydrocarbons in an oil sample. A low AP is indicative of higher aromatics, while a high AP is indicative of lower aromatics content. Diesel oil with AP below 120掳F (49掳C) is probably risky to use in oil-base mud. The API has developed test procedures that are the standard for the industry.
Industry:Oil & gas
A test to determine the volume percent of solids in a mud that are retained on 200-mesh screen. A glass, sand-content tube with a tapered lower end and a 200-mesh screen are used in the test. The test measures percent solids above 74 micrometers, which include those that could be abrasive to pumps and piping. When performed according to the API protocol for water-base muds, the sand-content tube is filled to the first mark with mud. Water is added to the next mark and the tube is shaken. The diluted slurry is poured through the 200-mesh screen, discarding the liquid. The screen is washed and the residue on the screen is poured back into the tube. Volume percent "sand" is measured from divisions on the tapered tube.
Industry:Oil & gas
A test to determine the strength or fracture pressure of the open formation, usually conducted immediately after drilling below a new casing shoe. During the test, the well is shut in and fluid is pumped into the wellbore to gradually increase the pressure that the formation experiences. At some pressure, fluid will enter the formation, or leak off, either moving through permeable paths in the rock or by creating a space by fracturing the rock. The results of the leakoff test dictate the maximum pressure or mud weight that may be applied to the well during drilling operations. To maintain a small safety factor to permit safe well control operations, the maximum operating pressure is usually slightly below the leakoff test result.
Industry:Oil & gas
A test performed in a specialized filtration-type apparatus (particle-plugging apparatus) to determine the effectiveness of additives to prevent fluid loss into a permeable medium.
Industry:Oil & gas
A test procedure published by the API that specifies the use of a shearometer tube and a set of weights to measure the shear strength of a mud (lbf/100 ft<sup>2</sup> or kPa). The typical use for this test is for evaluation of a static-aged mud sample left at high temperature for several hours. The shear tube is placed on the surface of the gelled mud and weights are applied until the tube sinks to a marked depth. The applied weight indicates shear strength of the mud sample. <br><br>Reference:<br>Watkins TE and Nelson ME: "High Temperature Gellation of Drilling Fluids," Transactions of the AIME 193 (1953): 213-218.
Industry:Oil & gas
