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Founded in 1876, Texas A&M University is a U.S. public and comprehensive university offering a wide variety of academic programs far beyond its original label of agricultural and mechanical trainings. It is one of the few institutions holding triple federal designations as a land-, sea- and ...
A method for approximating solutions to the governing equations of fluid motion in the ocean. It was developed to combine the geometrical flexibility of the traditional loworder finite element methods with the accuracy and high convergence rates of spectral methods.
Industry:Earth science
A method for calculating the relationship between paleoclimates and the future climate. For a given time interval, one obtains both the difference from present-day globally averaged surface temperature (DT) and the difference from the present-day globally averaged radiative forcing (DQ). DT is obtained from whatever geologic proxies are available. DQ is obtained by calculating or estimating the total effect of the heat trapped by greenhouse gases and the changes in absorption of solar radiation due to changes in solar luminosity, surface albedo and atmospheric aerosol content. Finally, the ratio DT/DQ is defined as the climate sensitivity, i.e. the global temperature response to the radiative forcing.
Industry:Earth science
A method for computing the adiabatic inter–hemispheric meridional transport.
Industry:Earth science
A method for dealing with nonstationarity in time series analysis where a new series is creating by forming the differential of the original series. In practice this is done by taking the difference between successive points in the original series, although to be strictly correct this should be done between successive midpoints. This procedure removes both the trend and low-frequency components of the original series while retaining information about the short-variance. Another method for dealing with this problem is detrending.
Industry:Earth science
A method for describing the characteristics of irregular waves in which parameterized formulae are developed by spectral analysis of measured wave data. Several wave spectra have been developed including:
Pierson–Moskowitz spectrum
JONSWAP spectrum
TMA spectrum
Industry:Earth science
A method for determining the relative geostrophic flow field in the ocean from the distribution of density in the ocean. An absolute geostrophic flow field can additionally be found with the additional assumption of a level of no motion.
Industry:Earth science
A method for evaluating turbulent fluxes at the ocean surface.
Industry:Earth science
A method of reducing the complexity of a full covariance matrix by combining an EOF-type pattern expansion in the spatial domain with an ARMA-type dynamical modeling approach in the time domain. This technique is useful for constructing simple dynamical models for forecasting or diagnostic purposes and as an approximate multivariate spectral compression technique.
Industry:Earth science
A method of time series analysis, sometimes abbreviated as SSA, designed to extract as much information as possible from short, noisy time series without prior knowledge of the dynamics underlying the series. It is a form of Principal Component Analysis applied to lagcorrelation structures of time series. It was developed by Broomhead and King (1986) and applied to the analysis of paleoclimate time series by Vautard and Ghil (1989) and Vautard et al. (1992). The SSA Toolkit147 includes SSA amongst several time series analysis tools. SSA performs better than traditional Fourier analysis at separating closely spaced relevant spectral peaks, but retains problems such as the requirement of stationarity and the limitation to situations of high SNRs.
Industry:Earth science
A method of wave forecasting that describes the waves generated by storms in terms of a complete spectrum of periods and energies rather than in terms of a single significant wave height or period. An example of a wave spectrum method is the P-N-J method, while a significant wave method is the S-M-B method.
Industry:Earth science
